1. Introduction
  1.1 Background
  1.2 Importance of smallholder farmers
  1.3 Challenges faced by smallholder farmers

2. Role of agricultural extension for smallholder farmers
  2.1 Definition and concept of agricultural extension
  2.2 Importance of agricultural extension for smallholder farmers
  2.3 Historical development of agricultural extension services

3. Key issues in agricultural extension for smallholder farmers
  3.1 Limited access to resources
  3.2 Lack of knowledge and skills
  3.3 Inadequate market linkages
  3.4 Gender-specific challenges

4. Objectives of agricultural extension for smallholder farmers
  4.1 Enhancing agricultural productivity
  4.2 Improving income and livelihoods
  4.3 Promoting sustainable farming practices
  4.4 Strengthening resilience to climate change

5. Methodologies and approaches in agricultural extension for smallholder farmers
  5.1 Participatory approaches
  5.2 Farmer field schools
  5.3 Farmer-to-farmer extension
  5.4 ICT-based extension services
  5.5 Community-based extension programs