1. Introduction
  1.1 Background
  1.2 Problem Statement
  1.3 Research Objectives
  1.4 Significance of the Study

2. Literature Review
  2.1 Definition of Small-Scale Farmers
  2.2 Importance of Small-Scale Farmers in Global Food Production
  2.3 Challenges Faced by Small-Scale Farmers
  2.4 Role of Agricultural Extension in Supporting Small-Scale Farmers
  2.5 Overview of Different Agricultural Extension Approaches

3. Methodology
  3.1 Research Design
  3.2 Data Collection Methods
  3.3 Data Analysis Techniques

4. Agricultural Extension Approaches for Small-Scale Farmers
  4.1 Farmer Field Schools
      4.1.1 Definition and Principles
      4.1.2 Implementation Process
      4.1.3 Case Studies and Success Stories
      4.1.4 Evaluation of Farmer Field Schools

  4.2 Participatory Approaches
      4.2.1 Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA)
      4.2.2 Participatory Technology Development (PTD)
      4.2.3 Participatory Learning and Action (PLA)
      4.2.4 Case Studies and Success Stories
      4.2.5 Evaluation of Participatory Approaches

  4.3 ICT-Based Solutions
      4.3.1 Mobile Applications
      4.3.2 Radio Programs
      4.3.3 Use of Social Media
      4.3.4 Case Studies and Success Stories
      4.3.5 Evaluation of ICT-Based Solutions

5. Discussion
  5.1 Comparative Analysis of Agricultural Extension Approaches
  5.2 Strengths and Limitations of Each Approach
  5.3 Factors Influencing the Adoption of Extension Approaches
  5.4 Recommendations for Effective Extension Services for Small-Scale Farmers