Project Abstract

Abstract
Water is an essential resource for sustaining life, and ensuring its cleanliness is crucial for human health and environmental well-being. Various techniques have been developed to clean water and remove contaminants to make it safe for consumption and other uses. This research paper explores different water cleaning techniques, including physical, chemical, and biological methods. Physical water cleaning techniques involve the use of physical processes to remove impurities from water. These methods include filtration, sedimentation, and distillation. Filtration involves passing water through a porous medium to trap solid particles and impurities. Sedimentation allows suspended particles to settle at the bottom of a container, making it easier to separate clean water from the sediment. Distillation is a process that involves heating water to create steam, which is then condensed back into liquid form, leaving behind contaminants. Chemical water cleaning techniques use various chemicals to treat water and remove contaminants. Chlorination is a common method that involves adding chlorine to water to kill bacteria and other harmful microorganisms. Coagulation and flocculation are processes that involve adding chemicals to water to clump together impurities, making it easier to remove them through filtration or sedimentation. Another chemical method is ozonation, which involves treating water with ozone to disinfect and remove impurities. Biological water cleaning techniques harness the power of microorganisms to clean water. One example is using activated sludge, which is a mixture of bacteria and other microorganisms that break down organic matter in water. This process helps to remove pollutants and improve water quality. Another biological method is constructed wetlands, which use natural processes and plants to filter and clean water. Wetlands can remove contaminants through physical filtration, absorption by plants, and microbial action in the soil. Overall, a combination of physical, chemical, and biological water cleaning techniques is often used to ensure thorough water treatment. Each method has its own advantages and limitations, and the choice of technique depends on factors such as the type of contaminants present, the desired water quality standards, and the scale of the cleaning operation. By understanding and utilizing these different water cleaning techniques effectively, we can ensure access to clean and safe water for drinking, agriculture, industry, and other purposes.

Project Overview

1.1       INTRODUCTION

Water is of the materials require to sustain life. It is naturally, available and covers 70% of th earth’s crust.

With the increasing demand of clean, potable water for domestic and industrial use, developing, locating and maintaining a cost-effective water treatment techniques is imperative.

An obvious and fundamental pollution problem at any location is waste water discharge. Most waste waters contain sanitary wastes generated by employees at the sites, streams from kitchen wastes, gutters, sewage, as well as process waste waters.

Sanitary waste water and ground water can be treated satisfactorily by the municipal waste water treatment system.

Separate treatment is also given to industrial process waste water, the contaminants in industrial discharges that ae commonly regulated include total grease (FOG) PH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and certain metals.

Water treatment or cleaning I vital for industrial and technology is to identify any pathagenic organisms, dissolve and undissolved compainds that constitute hazards for the user and develop high quality, cost effective treatment procedures to meat regulated environmental protection agency (EPA), othe water quality contrial agencies – NAFBAC standards and specification.

Water cleaning technology can be grouped into two, namely; Convection and Non-convectional (advance technology).

The convectional technology is the pre or post cliloroination-filteration systems. The non-convectional or advance technology are the fenton chemistry technique, bio-oxidation system, membrane separation high pressure – centigugal system and ion-exchange system.

In this context, four water cleaning techniques are discussed.   The pre/post chlorination / flocculation, sediment filteration, disinfectation and quality testing.

Fentoris chemistry technique uses hydrogen peroxide and an iron catacyst to destory contaminants.

High pressure – centrifugal system which involve the use of centrigufal force of high pressure to kill pathogens and microbes in a reactor contaning the unclean water. And membrane technology.

Finally, EPA standards on water quality are recommended.

1.2       SCOPE OF PROJECT

The project – water cleaning techniques is a esearch work to find out different water cleaning or treatment technologies employed in treating waste waters in order to raise its quality to the highest possible level for human conseumption and industry use.

Three different technology are researched here which include pre/post disintectation. – foltration systems, fentou’s chemistry system and hig pressure oxidative combustion. Centrigufal system EPA water quality standards are also presented.

1.3                         SOURCES OF WASTE WATER

Wastewater can be gotten through two main sources namely:

·                     Domestic effluent water

·                     Industrial effluent loads

DOMESTIC EFFLUENT WATER

Domestic effluent water ae from hetchen, laundry, cavatory, gutters, stagnant water, contaninted streams, rivers.   They contain both dissolved and undissolved organic and inorganic substances like paper, decayed mater, polymer pieces, detergent, oil & pigments, metal pieces.

INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT WATERS

These are wastewater from chemical rpocess industries. They contain dissolved and undissolved poisonous substances corrosive and obrasive fluid like hydrocarbone, flurolarbous, sulphates, sulphides, cyanides, etc.