Project Abstract

Abstract
Air pollution is a persistent and escalating health threat in cities worldwide. The rapid urbanization and industrialization of the modern world have significantly contributed to the deterioration of air quality in urban areas. Emissions from vehicles, industries, and other sources release pollutants such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and volatile organic compounds into the atmosphere, leading to a wide range of health problems. Exposure to air pollution has been linked to various respiratory diseases, cardiovascular disorders, and even neurological issues. Particulate matter, especially PM2.5 and PM10, can penetrate deep into the lungs and enter the bloodstream, causing inflammation and oxidative stress in the body. Long-term exposure to these particles has been associated with increased mortality rates from respiratory and cardiovascular conditions. Nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide are known to irritate the respiratory system and exacerbate conditions such as asthma and bronchitis. These pollutants can also react in the atmosphere to form secondary pollutants like ozone, which can further worsen respiratory health. Additionally, volatile organic compounds released from sources like vehicle emissions and industrial processes can contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone and fine particulate matter, further compromising air quality. Vulnerable populations such as children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing health conditions are at a higher risk of experiencing adverse effects from air pollution exposure. In cities where air pollution levels exceed the recommended limits set by health authorities, interventions such as air quality monitoring, emission controls, and public health awareness campaigns are crucial in mitigating the health impacts of poor air quality. Efforts to combat air pollution require a multi-faceted approach, including regulatory measures, technological advancements, and community engagement. Sustainable transportation policies, promotion of clean energy sources, and green urban planning strategies can help reduce emissions and improve air quality in cities. Public education on the health risks of air pollution and the importance of individual actions in reducing emissions is also essential in fostering a culture of environmental stewardship. In conclusion, addressing air pollution as a continuing health threat in the world's cities requires coordinated efforts from governments, industries, communities, and individuals. By prioritizing air quality management and implementing evidence-based interventions, we can work towards creating healthier and more sustainable urban environments for current and future generations.

Project Overview

27 SEPTEMBER 2016 | GENEVA – A new WHO air quality model confirms that 92% of the world’s population lives in places where air quality levels exceed WHO limits*. Information is presented via interactive maps, highlighting areas within countries that exceed WHO limits.

“The new WHO model shows countries where the air pollutioni danger spots are, and provides a baseline for monitoring progress in combatting it,” says Dr Flavia Bustreo, Assistant Director General at WHO.

It also represents the most detailed outdoor (or ambient) air pollutioni-related health data, by country, ever reported by WHO. The model is based on data derived from satellite measurements, air transport models and ground station monitors for more than 3000 locations, both rural and urban. It was developed by WHO in collaboration with the University of Bath, United Kingdom.

Some 3 million deaths a year are linked to exposure to outdoor air pollutioni. Indoor air pollution can be just as deadly. In 2012, an estimated 6.5 million deaths (11.6% of all global deaths) were associated with indoor and outdoor air pollution together.

Nearly 90% of air-pollution-related deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries, with nearly 2 out of 3 occurring in WHO’s South-East Asia and Western Pacific regions.

Ninety-four per cent are due to noncommunicable diseases – notably cardiovascular diseases, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung cancer. Air pollution also increases the risks for acute respiratory infections.

“Air pollution continues take a toll on the health of the most vulnerable populations – women, children and the older adults,” adds Dr Bustreo. “For people to be healthy, they must breathe clean air from their first breath to their last.”

Major sources of air pollution include inefficient modes of transport, household fuel and waste burning, coal-fired power plants, and industrial activities. However, not all air pollution originates from human activity. For example, air quality can also be influenced by dust storms, particularly in regions close to deserts.

The model has carefully calibrated data from satellite and ground stations to maximize reliability. National air pollution exposures were analysed against population and air pollution levels at a grid resolution of about 10 km x 10 km.

“This new model is a big step forward towards even more confident estimates of the huge global burden of more than 6 million deaths – 1 in 9 of total global deaths – from exposure to indoor and outdoor air pollution,” said Dr Maria Neira, WHO Director, Department of Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health. “More and more cities are monitoring air pollution now, satellite data is more comprehensive, and we are getting better at refining the related health estimates.”

The interactive maps provide information on population-weighted exposure to particulate matter of an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 micrometres (PM2.5) for all countries. The map also indicates data on monitoring stations for PM10 and PM2.5 values for about 3000 cities and towns.

“Fast action to tackle air pollution can’t come soon enough,” adds Dr Neira. “Solutions exist with sustainable transport in cities, solid waste management, access to clean household fuels and cook-stoves, as well as renewable energies and industrial emissions reductions.”