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Economic importance of pteridophytes

 

Table Of Contents

<p> </p><p>Cover Page- &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; i</p><p>Certification- &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ii</p><p>Dedication- – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; iii</p><p>Acknowledgements- &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; iv</p><p>Table of Content- – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; v</p><p>Summary- &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; vii</p><p><b>CHAPTER<br>ONE</b></p><p>1.0 &nbsp; &nbsp; Introduction &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 1</p><p><b>Chapter<br>Two</b></p><p>2.0 &nbsp; &nbsp; Pteridophytes- &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 4</p><p>2.2. &nbsp; Classification<br>of Pteridophytes- &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 5</p><p>2.3. &nbsp; General<br>Characteristics of Pteridophytes- – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 6</p><p>2.4. &nbsp; Occurrence and<br>Distribution of Pteridophytes- &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 7</p><p>2.5. &nbsp; Pteridophytes<br>Life Cycle- &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 8</p><p>2.6. &nbsp; Phytochemistry<br>of Pteridophytes- &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 10</p><p>2.5.1. Alkaloid- &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 11</p><p>2.5.2. Phenols and<br>Phenolic Glycosides- &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 12</p><p>2.5.2.1. &nbsp; Tannins- &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 12</p><p>2.5.2.2. &nbsp; Flavonoids- &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 12</p><p>2.5.2.3. &nbsp; Terpenoids<br>and Steroids- &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 13</p><p><b>Chapter<br>Three</b></p><p>3.0. &nbsp; Economic Importance of Pteridophytes- &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 14</p><p>3.1. &nbsp; Pteridophytes<br>Used as Medicine- &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 14</p><p>3.2. &nbsp; Pteridophytes<br>Used as Veterinary- &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 15</p><p>3.3. &nbsp; Suitability of<br>Pteridophytes as Food Sources- &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 16</p><p>3.4. &nbsp; Pteridophytes<br>Used as Ornamentation- &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 17</p><p>3.5. &nbsp; Pteridophytes as<br>Building Materials- &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 18</p><p>3.6. &nbsp; Pteridophytes in Toxicology- – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 18</p><p>3.7. &nbsp; Pteridophytes<br>used for Controlling Insect Pests- – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 19</p><p>3.8. &nbsp; Use of<br>Pteridophytes as Fertilisers- – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 19</p><p>3.9. &nbsp; Pteridophytes<br>used in Phyto-Remediation- – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 20</p><p>3.10 &nbsp; Pteridophytes in<br>Pharmacology- &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 20</p><p><b>Chapter<br>FOUR</b></p><p>4.0. &nbsp; Conclusion and Recommendations- – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 22</p><p>4.1. &nbsp; Conclusion- &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 22</p><p>4.2. &nbsp; Recommendations- &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; – &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 22</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; References</p> <br><p></p>

Project Abstract

<p> Pteridophytes, including<br>ferns and fern-allies, are the earliest of all the land plants which originated<br>during the Silurian period and went on to become the dominant vegetation of<br>earth’s surface during the Carboniferous period. They became the first ever<br>group of plants on earth’s surface showing the presence of well-developed<br>vascular system, thereby, playing an important link in the evolution from<br>cryptogams (algae and bryophytes) to phanerogams (gymnosperms and angiosperms).<br>Though they have largely been replaced by seed plants in the course of<br>evolution, they continue to form an important part of vegetation today and can<br>be found distributed in a wide range of habitats in the moist tropical and<br>temperate forests in the world. The pteridophytes being moisture and shade<br>loving plants congregate at places where humid and damp conditions prevail.<br>Pteridophytes have been used by different tribal communities and folklore as a<br>source of food, fibre, craft, decoration material and medicine. Being a group<br>of lower plants and their restricted distribution, pteridophytes remain<br>unattended and their useful aspects are largely ignored. This present study<br>mainly focuses on the Economic importance of Pteridophytes. Their use in<br>medicine for treatment of external injuries and wounds, use in ornamention,<br>biofertilizers, food, phyto-remediation. <br></p>

Project Overview

<p> </p><p><b>1.0 &nbsp; &nbsp; Introduction</b></p><p>Man has been using plants as a source<br>of food, medicines and many other necessities of life since ancient times. Even<br>to this day the primitive tribal societies that exist depend on the plant life<br>in their surroundings. Though there were investigations of the edible economic<br>values of the higher plants, especially the pteridophytes and angiosperms have<br>been unfortunately ignored. Pteridophytes existing today represent ancient<br>plant species which appeared about 300 million years ago in the late Devonian<br>period (Fernandez <i>et al</i>.,<br>2011).Pteridophytes including ferns and fern-allies are non-flowering, vascular<br>and sporebearing plants. They form a conspicuous element of the earth’s<br>vegetation and are important from evolutionary point of view as they show the<br>evolution of vascular system and reflect the emergence of seed habit in an the<br>plants. About 250 million years ago, they formed the dominant part of earth’s<br>vegetation. But in present day flora, they have been largely replaced by the<br>seed bearing plants. They grow luxuriantly in moist tropical and temperate<br>forests and their occurrence in different eco-geographically threatened regions<br>from sea level to the highest mountains are of much interest (Dixit, 2000).</p><p>The ferns and fern allies do not form<br>a monophyletic group (Smith, <i>et al</i>.<br>2006) and pteridophyta as a taxonomic group is now regarded as made up of two<br>classes, Lycopodiophyta (fern allies) and Pteridophyta (true ferns) ( Smith<i>&nbsp;et al. </i>2006; WCMC, 1992). The<br>Lycopodiophyta is represented by only five relict genera (Isoetes, Lycopodium,<br>Phylloglossum, Selaginella and Stilites) (WCMC,1992).The Pteridophyta are much<br>more diverse than the Lycopodiophyta, showing great range of form and<br>cosmopolitan in distribution ( WCMC, 1992) Lycopodiophyta and Pteridophyta is a<br>small group of about 12000 species (WCMC, 1992; Chapman, 2009), with some<br>species gathered in the wild for food and medicine, and others cultivated as<br>food and ornamental plants. The ferns are thought by most people to be quite<br>useless members of the plant kingdom. The deleterious effects of rapid fern<br>growth are well publicized, but their useful aspects are largely ignored. Ferns<br>are distributed in all climate zones of the planet, but have a greater<br>diversity in the tropics (Smith <i>et al.,</i><br>2006; Strasburger<i>&nbsp;et al., </i>2003).<br>Ferns show various economic values towards food, fodder indicators,<br>biofertilizers and insect repellents (Ghosh <i>et<br>al.</i>, 2004). Ferns are used as medicines to cure diseases in various<br>countries. In China alone, 401 kinds of pteridophytic medicines have been used<br>for various ailments (Luo 1998).</p><p>Sarker <i>et al</i>. (2011) reported the medicinal uses of 30 pteridophytes of<br>Tamil Nadu. They were used to treat various ailments viz., wound healing, body<br>sickness, diarrhoea, skin problems, body pain, knee problem, cough, cold,<br>fever, asthma, kidney problem, tonic, chronic disorders, several aches, hair<br>growth, stomach problems, ulcer, sore throat, leprosy, ophthalmic, typhoid,<br>urinary bladder and rheumatism. Khare and Kumar (2007) studied ethnobotany of<br>five pteridophytes viz., <i>Adiantum<br>philippense, Diplazium esculentum, Helminthostachys zeylanica, Lygodium<br>flexuosum </i>and<i>&nbsp;Ophiglossum reticulatum</i><br>used by the Tharu tribe of Dudhwa National Park, Lakhimpur-Kheri (U.P). The<br>information collected by Singh <i>et al</i>.<br>(2001) reported that 14 common Pteridophytes were used by the local people of<br>Manipur in various forms. Kirn and Kapathi (2001), observed ethnomedical uses<br>of 19 pteridophytes of Jammu and Kashmir.</p><p>The previous work indicate that the<br>medicinal plants specially the flowering plants are given the more importance<br>in these contents, non-flowering plants particularly fern and fern allies are<br>ignored by scientists. According to Pieroni (2001), evaluation of plant species<br>used in different cultural contexts is necessary in order to infer cultural<br>components related to food acceptance and phytochemical constituents that<br>influence the popularity of edible plants. Plant resources have gained<br>prominence in sub-Saharan Africa as a natural asset through which communities<br>derive food, enabling particularly poor families to achieve self-sufficiency.<br>Documentation of use patterns of pteridophytes across sub-Saharan Africa is of<br>relevance in understanding the importance of this ancient plant group to<br>livelihood strategies of different ethnic groups. This is particularly<br>important for this ancient evolutionary lineage which could potentially become<br>extinct if harvested non-sustainably.</p> <br><p></p>

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