EVALUATATION OF THE LEVEL OF VITAMIN C, VITAMIN E AND MALONDIALDEHYDE IN MALE SMOKERS AND NON SMOKERS.
Table Of Contents
<p> </p><p>Title page — – – – – – – – – – – i </p><p>Declaration — – – – – – – – – – -ii</p><p>Approval page — – – – – – – – – – -iii</p><p>Dedication — – – – – – – – – – -iv</p><p>Acknowledgement — – – – – – – – – -v </p><p>Table of content — – – – – – – – – -vi Abstract — – – – – – – – – – – -vii</p> <br><p></p>
Project Abstract
AbstractThe study aimed to evaluate the levels of Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and malondialdehyde (MDA) in male smokers and non-smokers to assess the impact of smoking on the oxidative stress and antioxidant status in individuals. A total of 100 male participants were divided into two groups smokers (n=50) and non-smokers (n=50). Blood samples were collected from all participants, and the levels of Vitamin C and Vitamin E were measured using spectrophotometric methods, while MDA levels were assessed as a marker of lipid peroxidation. The results indicated a significant difference in the levels of Vitamin C, Vitamin E, and MDA between smokers and non-smokers. Male smokers exhibited significantly lower levels of both Vitamin C and Vitamin E compared to non-smokers, indicating a potential impact of smoking on the antioxidant status of individuals. Conversely, the levels of MDA, a marker of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, were significantly higher in smokers than in non-smokers, suggesting increased oxidative damage in individuals who smoke. These findings suggest that smoking is associated with alterations in the levels of antioxidants such as Vitamin C and Vitamin E, leading to increased oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in male individuals. The results underscore the importance of maintaining a balanced antioxidant status to counteract the oxidative stress induced by smoking. Further research is warranted to explore the mechanisms underlying the observed changes in antioxidant levels and oxidative stress markers in smokers, as well as to investigate potential interventions to mitigate the harmful effects of smoking on overall health.
Project Overview
BACKGROUND TO STUDY
Tobacco smoking is a practice of burning tobacco and inhaling the smoke (consisting of gaseous phases and particles). A more broad definition may include taking tobacco smoke into the mouth, and then releasing it, as is done by some with tobacco pipes and cigars. The practice may have begun as early as 5000-3000 BC (Nagarajet al., 2014).Cigarette smoking is probably the most addictive and dependence producing form of object-specific, self-administered gratification known to man. According to present estimates, tobacco is responsible for causing more than 5 million deaths every year (World Health Organization, 2008). The harmful effects of cigarette smoking onhuman health have been well documented.It has been known that cigarette smoke carriesaround 4000 chemicals including toxic metals,poisonous gases and free radicals (Schumacher et al., 2009). Amongst theseconstituents, free radicals are considered to be moredangerous as these owing to their unpaired electron are highly reactive and can cause oxidative damageto biomolecules and biomembranes (Senet al., 2010).
Smoking plays an important role in disturbing the antioxidant balance. Normally blood contains a healthy complement of antioxidants that keep oxidative damage to a minimum. Tobacco smoke contains abundant reactive oxygen species and also activated neutrophils released due to smoking also add to the pool of reactive oxygen species which deplete these antioxidant mechanisms leading to tissue damage (Kumaret al., 2010). Malondialdehyde is a organic compound with the formula CH2 (CHO). This reactive species occurs naturally and is a marker for oxidative stress
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