Project Abstract

Abstract
The role of plants in the treatment of diseases caused by microorganisms has been long recognized, with natural products from plants being a valuable source of bioactive compounds. Microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites are responsible for a wide range of human diseases, and the emergence of drug-resistant strains has necessitated the search for alternative treatments. Plants have been used traditionally in various cultures for their medicinal properties, and modern scientific research has validated the efficacy of many plant-derived compounds against microbial infections. Natural products from plants exhibit diverse chemical structures with a wide range of biological activities, including antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, and antiparasitic properties. These bioactive compounds target different stages of the microbial life cycle, such as cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, nucleic acid replication, and membrane function. Several plant-derived compounds have shown promising antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms, making them potential candidates for the development of new therapeutic agents. Furthermore, the use of plant-based medicines offers several advantages over synthetic drugs, including lower toxicity, fewer side effects, and reduced risk of developing drug resistance. Plants contain a complex mixture of secondary metabolites that may act synergistically to enhance their antimicrobial effects and improve therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, plant-based medicines often have a long history of use in traditional medicine systems, providing valuable knowledge about their safety and efficacy. Recent advances in phytochemistry, pharmacology, and biotechnology have enabled the identification and isolation of bioactive compounds from plants with potent antimicrobial properties. Various extraction techniques, such as maceration, Soxhlet extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction, have been employed to isolate these compounds in pure form. Furthermore, bioassay-guided fractionation and high-throughput screening methods have facilitated the discovery of novel plant-derived antimicrobial agents. In conclusion, plants play a crucial role in the treatment of diseases caused by microorganisms through the production of bioactive compounds with antimicrobial properties. The rich diversity of natural products from plants offers a vast source of potential therapeutic agents for combating microbial infections. Continued research on plant-based medicines holds great promise for the development of new and effective treatments against infectious diseases.

Project Overview

1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY1.1.1 PhyllanthusThis is a genus of the family Euphorbiaceae. It was first identified in Central and Southern India in 18th century. It is called carry me seed, stone-breaker, windbreaker, gulf leaf flower or gala of wind, (Bharatiya 1992).There are over 300 genera with over 5,000 species in the Euphorbiaceae world wide. The Phyllanthus is one of the genus that falls under this enormous family. Phyllanthus has about 750-800 species, found in tropical and subtropical regions. Green medicine is safe and more dependable than the costly synthetic drugs, many of which have adverse side effects (Joseph and Raj, 2010). The use of medicinal plants by man for the treatment of diseases has been in practice for a very long time. Screening of compounds obtained from plants for their pharmacological activity has resulted in the isolation of innumerable therapeutic agents.Over 50% of all modern chemical drugs are of natural plant product origin and is essential in drug development programs of the pharmaceutical industry (Burton et. al 1983).1.1.2 Phyllanthus amarus (P. amarus)P. amarus is an erect annual herb of not more than one and half feet tall and has small leaves and yellow flowers. It is a broad medicinal plant that has received worldwide recognition (Sri Divya and Perival, 1995).In herbal medicine, P. amarus has reportedly been used to treat jaundice, diabetes, otitis, diarrhea, swelling, skin ulcer, gastrointestinal disturbances and blocks DNA polymerase in the case of hepatitis B virus during reproduction, (Oluwafemi, and Debiri, 2008).In Nigeria, it is called -Oyomokeisoamankedem” in Efik, -Iyin Olobe” in Yoruba and -Ebebenizo” in Bini (Etta, 2008). In traditional medicine, it is used for its hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic, antihypertensive, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti- microbial properties (Adeneye et al; 2006). The plant is also used in the treatment of stomach disorders, skin diseases and cold (Kokwaro, 1976; Iwu, 1993). It has anti-diarrhoea effect (Odetola and Akojenu, 2000). Its antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus has been established (Thyagarajan et al; 1988, Wang et al; 1995), anti- carcinogenic (Joy and Kuttan, 1998), anti mutagenic activities (Joy and Kuttan, 1998), antiplasmodial (Soh et al. 2009).Plants contain numerous constituents, some tend to possess some level of toxicity. Cases of this toxicity in plants have been reported (Santox et al; 1995, Shaw et al; 1997, Kaplowitz, 1997). P. amarus has been classified among plants with a low potential for toxicity, with an LD50 averaging 2000 mg/kg 1 day (Krithika and Verma, 2009).1.1.3 Phyllanthus niruri (P. niruri)P. niruri is commonly called stone breaker, also known as -Chanca piedra”. It belongs to the family Euphorbiaceae. P. niruri is similar to P. amarus. It is a wide spread tropical plant commonly found in coastal areas that grows 40-70cm tall (Chukwuma, 2012).In Nigeria, it is called enyikwonwa and ngwu in Ibo, Oyokeso amanke edem in Efik, geeron- tsemtsaayee in Hausa, ehin olobe and yin-olobe in Yoruba (Chukwuma, 2012).Although P. niruri is considered a problematic weed to formers it is a valuable medicinal plant. (Oudhia and Tripathi, 2002), and holds a reputed position in both Ayurvedic and Unani system of medicine. Recently, it has attracted the attention of researchers, because of its hepatoprotective (ability to prevent damage to the liver) properties. No effective specific therapy is available for viral Hepatitis but P. niruri has shown clinical efficiency in viral Hepatitis B (Paranjape, 2001).P. niruri is an annual plant, its stem is angular with numerous distichous, elliptic oblong leaves. Flowers are yellow and very numerous; monoecious with 1-3 staminate flowers and solitary pistillate flower borne axillary. Fruits capsule, very small, globose, smooth, seeds 3-gonous, longitudinally ribbed on the back. Seed to seed cycle occurs in two or four weeks (Caius 1986), (Agharkar 1991). Its root, leaves, fruits, milky juice and whole plants are used as medicine. According to Ayurvedic system of medicine it is considered acrid, cooling, alexipharmic and useful in thirst, bronchitis, leprosy, anemia, urinary discharge, anuria, biliousness, asthma, for hiccups, and as a diuretic. According to Unani system of medicine, it is stomachic and good for sores and useful in Chronic dysentery. Fruits useful for tubercular ulcers, wounds, sores, scabies and ringworm (Agharkar 1991, Krishnamurti 1993). The fresh root is believed to be an excellent remedy for jaundice.In many parts of India, it is commonly used for the treatment of snake bite. The active compounds phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin, nirtetralin and phyltetralin have been isolated from leaves, (Rastogi and Mehrotra, 1991). The plant is used as a fish poison. In many parts of India especially in deserts, the roots mixed with Commiphora mukul are given to camels to cure indigestion. The decoction of leaves and stem are used for dying cotton black, (Singh et al; 1996).P. niruri is one of the medicinal plants used to treat malaria in India and Nigeria. P. niruri has been used traditionally to treat various illnesses including renal stones, gastrointestinal disturbance, cough, hepatitis, gonorrhea, fever and malaria. It has also been reported to possess hypoglycemic activity (Hukuri, et al; 1988), angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition (Ueno, et al; 1988), lipid lowering activity (Khanna, et al; 2002), anti HIV activity (Qian cutron, et al; 1996) and anti cancer activity (Giridharan, et al; 2002).1.2 Aim and objectivesThis study is aimed at showing which of the plants above is more effective in the treatment of diseases caused by microorganisms based in the natural products present in them.The specific objectives include;a. Determination of antibacterial effect of P. amarus and P. niruri.b. Determination of antifungal effect of P. amarus and P. niruri.