<p>&nbsp;            <b>TABLE OF CONTENTS&nbsp;</b></p><p>Title page----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------i&nbsp;</p><p>Certification-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ii&nbsp;</p><p>Declaration--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iii&nbsp;</p><p>Acknowledgement---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv&nbsp;</p><p>Abstract ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------v&nbsp;</p><p>Table of contents-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------vii&nbsp;</p><p>Lists of Figures, Tables, Plates and Appendices----------------------------------------------------ix</p><p>&nbsp;Abbreviations Definitions, Glossary and Symbols-------------------------------------------------xii&nbsp;</p><p><b>

Chapter ONE

</b></p><p>1.0 Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1&nbsp;</p><p>1.1 Statement of research problem---------------------------------------------------------------------3&nbsp;</p><p>1.2 Justification----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4&nbsp;</p><p>1.3 Hypothesi------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 5&nbsp;</p><p>1.4 Specific aim and objective---------------------------------------------------------------------------5&nbsp;</p><p><b>

Chapter TWO

</b></p><p>2.0 Literature Review---------------------------------------------------------------------------------7&nbsp;</p><p>2.1 Vitamin B12-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8&nbsp;</p><p>2.2 Phenyl hydrazine HCL---------------------------------------------------------------------------------10&nbsp;</p><p>2.3 Anemia among women---------------------------------------------------------------------------------13&nbsp;</p><p>2.3.1 Decrease haemoglobin-Oxygen affinity---------------------------------------------------------14&nbsp;</p><p>2.3.2 Redistribution of blood flow-------------------------------------------------------------------------15&nbsp;</p><p>2.3.3 Increase Cardiac Output-----------------------------------------------------------------------------15&nbsp;</p><p>2.4 Classification of anemia---------------------------------------------------------------------------------17&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p>2.4.1 Cytometric classification------------------------------------------------------------------------------17&nbsp;</p><p>2.4.2 Erythrokinetic classification--------------------------------------------------------------------------18&nbsp;</p><p>2.4.3 Reticulocyte counts-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18&nbsp;</p><p>2.4.4 Serum heptaglobin concentration-------------------------------------------------------------------19&nbsp;</p><p>2.4.5 Bone marrow biopsy------------------------------------------------------------------------------------20&nbsp;</p><p>2.4.6 Biochemical classification------------------------------------------------------------------------------21&nbsp;</p><p>2.4.7 Macrocytic anemia---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22&nbsp;</p><p>2.4.8 Normocytic anemia---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------22&nbsp;</p><p>2.4.9 Microcytic anemia-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------24&nbsp;</p><p>2.5.0 Dimorphic anemia-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25&nbsp;</p><p>2.5.1 Heinz body---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------25&nbsp;</p><p>2.5.2 Hyperanemia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 25&nbsp;</p><p>2.5.3 Grading of anemia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 25&nbsp;</p><p>2.5.4 Causes of anemia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 26&nbsp;</p><p>2.5.6 Increase destruction of Red blood cell ------------------------------------------------------------------- 27&nbsp;</p><p>2.5.7 Intrinsic and Extrinsic factors -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27&nbsp;</p><p>2.5.8 Mechanical trauma of Red cell ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28</p><p>&nbsp;2.5.9Autoimmune haemolytic anemia --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28</p><p>&nbsp;2.61 Blood loss ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29&nbsp;</p><p>2.23 Treatment of anemia -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30</p><p>&nbsp;2.24 Anemia and Cardiovascular system ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 31&nbsp;</p><p>2.25Anemia and oxygen delivery --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32&nbsp;</p><p>2.26 Anemia and haematocrit ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32&nbsp;</p><p>2.27 Anemia and cardio-respiratory adjust --------------------------------------------------------------------- 33&nbsp;</p><p>2.67 Anemia and cancer -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p>2.6.8Anemia and pregnancy -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------36</p><p>&nbsp;2.6.9 Anemia and kidney ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37</p><p>&nbsp;2.7Anemia and liver ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 37</p><p>&nbsp;2.8 Portal Circulation and Anemia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40&nbsp;</p><p>2.8.1 Impaired blood coagulation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41&nbsp;</p><p>2.9 Aplastic anemia ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41&nbsp;</p><p>2.9.1 Alcohol, liver disease and anemia ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 43</p><p><b>

Chapter THREE

</b></p><p>3.0 Materials and Methods ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 45</p><p>&nbsp;3.1.0 Collection and identification of plant material ---------------------------------------------------------- 45</p><p>&nbsp;3.1.1 Method of extraction ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 45&nbsp;</p><p>3.1.2 Animals ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45&nbsp;</p><p>3 .2 Chemicals --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46&nbsp;</p><p>3.3 Acute Toxicity studies -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46</p><p>&nbsp;3.4. Experimental design -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46</p><p>&nbsp;3.4.1 Induction of anemia -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47</p><p>&nbsp;3.4.2 Animal groupings ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47&nbsp;</p><p>3.5. Sample collection ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 47</p><p>&nbsp;3.6 Determination of haemoglobin concentration ------------------------------------------------------------- 48</p><p>&nbsp;3.7 Determination of the pack cell volume ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 48</p><p>&nbsp;3.8 Biochemical assay ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49&nbsp;</p><p>3.9 Determinatoin of Bilirubin concentration -------------------------------------------------------------------- 49&nbsp;</p><p>3.6 Statistical analysis ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49</p><p><b>&nbsp;

Chapter FOUR

&nbsp;</b></p><p>4.0 Results ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50&nbsp;</p><p>4.1 The role of n-butanol leaf fraction of T. Occidentalis on RBC --------------------------------------- 50&nbsp;</p><p>4.2 The role of n-butanol leaf fraction of T. Occidentalis on WBC --------------------------------------- 52&nbsp;</p><p>4.3 The role of n-butanol leaf fraction of T. Occidentalis on PCV ----------------------------------------- 54&nbsp;</p><p>4.4 The role of n-butanol leaf fraction of T. Occidentalis on HB ------------------------------------------- 58&nbsp;</p><p>4.5 The role of n-butanol leaf fraction of T Occidentalis on Bil conc ------------------------------------- 60&nbsp;</p><p><b>

Chapter FIVE

</b></p><p>5.0 Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation ----------------------------------------------------------- 60&nbsp;</p><p>5.1 Discussion --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60&nbsp;</p><p>5.2 Conclusion --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62&nbsp;</p><p>5.3 Recommendations ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 63&nbsp;</p><p>REFERENCE ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 64&nbsp;</p>