Project Abstract

Abstract
Anthropometric studies play a significant role in understanding human variations and diversity among different ethnic groups. This research project aims to compare and analyze the cephalic indices between Yoruba and Benin ethnic groups residing in Okada town, Edo State. Cephalic index is a valuable anthropometric measurement that provides insights into the skull shapes of populations and helps in studying human evolution and migration patterns. The Yoruba and Benin ethnic groups are known for their rich cultural heritage and history in Nigeria. By conducting this study in Okada town, which is home to both ethnic groups, we hope to gain a better understanding of the cranial morphology variations that exist between them. The cephalic index is calculated by dividing the maximum width of the head by the maximum length and multiplying by 100 to express it as a percentage. Different cephalic indices represent various skull shapes, such as dolichocephalic (long-headed), mesocephalic (medium-headed), and brachycephalic (short-headed). Through the collection of cranial measurements from individuals in both Yoruba and Benin ethnic groups in Okada town, we aim to determine if there are significant differences in cephalic indices between the two groups. This research will involve using calipers and measuring tapes to obtain accurate head measurements from participants. Statistical analysis will be employed to compare the mean cephalic indices of the Yoruba and Benin groups, and any significant variations will be discussed in the context of their genetic and historical backgrounds. Understanding the cephalic indices of these two ethnic groups can provide valuable insights into their ancestry, genetic relationships, and migration histories. By comparing these indices, we can contribute to the existing knowledge of human cranial morphology and population studies in Nigeria. Additionally, this research can have implications for forensic anthropology, as cranial measurements are crucial in identifying human remains and determining ancestral origins. In conclusion, this study on the cephalic indices of Yoruba and Benin ethnic groups in Okada town, Edo State, aims to contribute to the field of anthropometry and human variation research. By exploring the cranial morphology differences between these groups, we hope to enhance our understanding of the diverse populations that make up Nigeria and shed light on the evolutionary history of these ethnic communities.

Project Overview

Anthropometry deals with the measurement of physical sizes and shapes of human body (D. Poswillo, 1963). In differentiating people of different ethnic backgrounds, nutritional status, and gender, according to G. V. Shah and H. R. Jahhav, 2004, anthropometric data seems to be useful. Several measurable anthropometric parameters or variables have been developed over the years for establishing possible differences amongst different groups (G. V. Shah and H. R. Jahhav., 2004).

According to G. V. Shah and H. R. Jahhav (2004), S. W. Lobo, T. S. Chandrashekhar, and S. Kumar (2005), M.J.Golalipour (2006), Cephalic index is one of such very useful measurable anthropometric variables used in physical anthropology to determine geographical gender, age, and racial and ethnic variations. They proved that comparison of changes in cephalic index between parents, offspring, and siblings gives clues to genetic transmission of inherited characters or traits which play a role in forensic science. Argyropoulos and Sassouni(1989) showed that morphological features of different races and ethnic groups are not randomly distributed but appear in geographic clusters. Arguably, Cephalometry continues to be the most versatile technique in the investigation of the craniofacial skeleton because of its validity and practicality (G. T. McIntyre and P. A. Mossey, 2003). Cephalometry is associated with the morphological study of all the structures present in the human head. Cephalometry is the scientific measurement of the dimensions of the head usually through the use of standardized lateral skull radiographs (I. EI-Feghi et al, 2004). Based on the above factors, anthropometric studies are conducted on the age, sex, and social or ethnic groups in certain geographical zones (G. V. Shah and H. R. Jahhav, [2004], P. Williams et al, [2003], M.J.Golalipour et al, [2003], M.J.Golalipour et al, [2005], B. C. Didia and D. V. Dapper, [2005], S. H. Garba, [2008], H. B. Fawehinmi and A. M. Eroje, [2009], O. Joy et al, [2009], G. S. Oladipo et al, [2009], G. S. Oladipo et al, [2013]). Several studies have been conducted on the age,sex,and racial or ethnic groups in different geographical zones (O. Joy et al, [2009], G. S. Oladipo et al, [2009], G. S. Oladipo et al, [2013], I. P. Singh and N. K. Bharin, [1968], E. A. Osunwoke et al, [2012]).These authors have sited various categories of cranium on the basis of head length, breadth, and index and described seven groups of crania. R. F. Okupe et al. (1984), in a comparative study of bi parietal diameter (BPD) fetuses of some of the Nigerian ethnic groups and Caucasians, showed statistically significant differences until near term when the Nigerian fetuses showed consistently longer BPD. Cussenot et al. (1990) reported that skeletal measurements were made as the basis of foetal anthropometry and age determination. In a related study, cephalic index varied with advancing gestational age with the highest and lowest being 81.5 and 78.0 at weeks 14 and 28, respectively (D. L. Gray, 1989).

Several studies have been carried out to classify head shapes based on cephalic index into four internationally acceptable categories that include dolicocephalic (<74.9), mesocephalic (75–79.9), brachycephalic (80.0–84.9), and hyperbrachycephalic (85.0–89.9) (P. Williams et al, [2003], M. Del Sol, [2005]). A study has shown that the people of Gurung community of Nepal of India are brachycephalic with cephalic index of 80.42 (G. V. Shah and H. R. Jahhav 2004). Bhils and Barelas are mesocephalic (76.98 & 79.80) (I. Bhargava and G. A. Kher, [1960], I. Bhargava and G. A. Kher[1961]). The Iranian people are predominantly brachycephalic and hyper brachycephalic (M.J.Golalipour, 2006). Besides being a predictor of fetal death, early trans-vaginal measurement of cephalic index had been used for the determination of Down syndrome foetuses (P. Rosati and L. Guariglia 1999). The first classification based on cranial morphology is attributed to the professor of anatomy Anders Retzius (1840).