Project Abstract

Abstract
African black pepper (Piper guineense L.) is a valuable spice plant known for its culinary and medicinal properties. Vegetative propagation is an essential method for mass multiplication of this plant due to its slow growth from seed. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of cutting type and different rooting media on the vegetative propagation of African black pepper. The experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Two types of cuttings, nodal and apical, were collected from mature, healthy plants and treated with rooting hormone before being planted in four different rooting media sand, vermiculite, peat moss, and a mixture of sand and peat moss. The results showed that the type of cutting significantly influenced the rooting success of African black pepper. Nodal cuttings exhibited higher rooting percentages and faster root development compared to apical cuttings. Among the rooting media tested, the mixture of sand and peat moss provided the most favorable conditions for root initiation and development. This medium retained adequate moisture while allowing for sufficient aeration, promoting root growth. Furthermore, the interaction between cutting type and rooting media was found to have a significant impact on the vegetative propagation of African black pepper. Nodal cuttings performed best when planted in the sand and peat moss mixture, showing the highest root length, number of roots, and root biomass. In contrast, apical cuttings showed improved rooting when placed in vermiculite, indicating a preference for this medium for root initiation. Overall, the study highlights the importance of selecting the appropriate cutting type and rooting medium for successful vegetative propagation of African black pepper. Nodal cuttings planted in a mixture of sand and peat moss demonstrated the highest rooting success rates and robust root development. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing propagation techniques for this economically important spice plant, contributing to its sustainable cultivation and conservation.

Project Overview

1.0 INTRODUCTION    

   Piper guineense L. commonly referred to as African black pepper is a climbing perennial plant of the family Piperaceae.The plant belongs to the group of pepper called false cubebs (Buzzanell and Gray, 1995) and the berries are often used as substitutes for the edible black pepper (Piper nigrum) and for the most closely related cubebs pepper (Piper cubeba).

African black pepper is a native of tropical region of central and western African and is semi-cultivated in countries such as Nigeria where the leaves and fruits (berries) are sold in markets as condiment and also for food flavor (Joan and Michihol, 2013). It is known as ‘Uziza’ in Igbo and ‘Iyere’ in Yoruba, other common names are Benins pepper, Guinea pepper and False cubeb. It grows in evergreen rainforest edges usually in wet places, gallery forest along rocky rivers of an elevation of 750-1650mm. The leaves have pungent taste and pleasant aroma when crushed (Tapsell and Hemphill, 2006). The oleiferous leaves are elliptic in shape, about 5cm long and 7cm broad. The leaves have a peppery taste, pale greenish colour when fresh and darker green when dried. The flowers are small, borne on common stalks as cluster opposite the leaves or at the terminals of the stem and branches. The African black pepper is a protogynous plant. The flower develop first in the androecium (male organ of the flower) than in the gynoecium (female organ of the flower) (Okigbo and Igwe, 2007). Stamens open up 5-8 days after the stigma is receptive. In Nigeria, African black pepper is highly spicy plant and parts of the various plants are cultivated for their aromatic pungent. They are also classified into tiny wild fruits, nuts, herbs and leafy vegetable having heart-shaped leaves and oval petiole (Iwara and Uboh, 2013).

The various parts of the plants are used for traditional medicine (Koffa et al., 2013). The seeds are widely used as spices. In addition, the seeds are stomachic and carminative especially for griping stomach aches. Piper guineense seed extracts has also been proved effective against Dermestes maculates (Deeger) infestation in the storage of dried fish (Amusan and Okorie, 2002). Extracts of Piper guineense according to Srinivasan, (2000) has been reported to enhance digestion of food by stimulating secretion of digestive enzyme, pancreatic amylase, trypsin and chymotrypsin and is therefore used for the treatment of digestive disorder.

Vegetative propagation is the easiest and fastest way of domesticating fruit trees. It is widely used in propagating high quality cultivars for commercial production. It enhances yield quality and preserves the traits of plants (Jan, 2001). Vegetative propagation however has an important role to play since it involves asexual reproduction through the regeneration of tissues from plant parts. However, there are several methods of vegetative propagation such as cutting, grafting, layering, budding and micropropagation but the method to use depends on the crop species and the intention of the propagator. Since seed germination has been the only known natural way of propagating African Black Pepper; the vegetative propagation of this endangered species needs to be properly evaluated.

This present study therefore is aimed at investigating the rooting potential of African Black Pepper (Piper guineense L.)  Stem cuttings under green house condition using various propagation media such as topsoil, water and carbonized rice husk (CRH).

The major objective of the study is to evaluate the effects of cutting type and different rooting media on the vegetative propagation of African Black Pepper (Piper guineense L.). The specific objectives are as follows:

1. To evaluate the rooting ability of both softwood and hardwood stem cuttings of African Black Pepper (Piper guineense L.).
2. To evaluate the effects of topsoil, water, carbonized rice husk in the vegetative propagation of Piper guineense L.